Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited disorder in which multiple fluid-filled sacs, or cysts, form in the kidneys. Occasionally, symptoms of PKD are so mild that a person lives his or her entire life unaware of having the disorder. In addition to cysts, which typically enlarge over time, individuals with PKD often develop other medical issues. Which of the following is NOT a medical issue known to affect people with PKD?